This is varicose vein information with treatment information you have seen many times. What new is the use of the English language written by Scots.
VARICOSE VEINS MEDICAL APPENDIX
DEFINITION
1. Varicose veins are veins affected by saccular dilatation. The dilatation is permanent and tends to be accompanied by lengthening and tortuosity.
2. While varicose veins may occur in other parts of the body, the most common site is in the lower limbs. This Appendix concerns only varicose veins in the lower limbs, whether primary or of secondary causation.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
3. The milder degrees of varicose veins may be symptomless and they are often only brought to notice because of the cosmetic effect of the enlarged veins. Their extent, prominence and tortuosity vary; they may be widespread in both legs or they may be confined to a single varix in one or other leg.
4. The commonest symptom is a tired and aching sensation felt in the whole of the
lower leg, especially in the calf, towards the end of the day. Sharp pains, when
present, are localised to the site of the varices and are especially noticeable in
dilated thigh veins. The ankles may swell towards evening and the skin of the leg
may itch. Cramps in the calf of the leg may occur shortly after retiring to bed.
5. The relationship between pain and the visible degree of dilatation and tortuosity is extremely variable from patient to patient. Women tend to suffer more pain than do me with varicosities of similar severity, but the reason for this is obscure.
6. Secondary effects may occur, including:
6.1. Ankle oedema, which is usually mild and noticeable only towards the end of
the day. More severe oedema is likely to have another cause.
6.2. Skin pigmentation, which occurs in long-standing cases due to gradual
extravasation and the deposition of blood pigment. In some cases this
progresses to include induration and inflammation, a combination called
lipodermatosclerosis.
6.3. Varicose eczema, which may follow minor trauma, chronic irritation due to
scratching or deposition of blood pigment and the use of ointments or strapping.
6.4. Varicose ulceration, which invariably occurs in the lower half of the leg above
the ankle and which is more common in long-standing cases. This is a painful
and sometimes intractable condition.
6.5. Thrombophlebitis (clotting of the blood with inflammatory changes in the walls
of the veins) of superficial veins, often precipitated by minor trauma or a period
of bed rest, but in many cases with no predisposing cause.
6.6. Haemorrhage, often profuse, which may follow spontaneous rupture of a
diseased vein, ulceration or trauma. Subcutaneous haemorrhage from varicose
veins causing bruising is a common, alarming but not dangerous, occurrence in
the elderly.
7. Varicose veins have a propensity to recur after treatment, more so when this has involved sclerosing injections rather than radical surgery. The wearing of elastic stockings, especially those giving graduated compression, may be helpful in relieving discomfort but has no curative value.
AETIOLOGY
8. To appreciate how varicose veins arise, reference must be made to certain features of the venous circulation of the lower limbs. Venous blood is returned to the heart by virtue of the negative pressure in the thorax and the vis-a-tergo (pushing force) of the circulation, as veins have only slight intrinsic pulsatile contractility. In the lower limbs, where gravity hampers the venous return, the veins have valves which allow flow only towards the heart. The superficial veins lie supported in the loose tissues underneath the skin and empty into the deep veins through a series of communicating veins which perforate the deep fascia. The deep veins form large channels in the powerful muscles of the calf and thigh which, in turn, are surrounded by dense, unyielding fascia. These deep veins are compressed by every muscular action of the lower limbs, pumping blood towards the heart. When the limbs are in action, the pressure in the deep veins is high and fluctuant whilst that in the superficial veins is low as they empty into the “venous pump”. Any failure of the valve system results in reflux, raising the pressure in the ill-supported superficial veins and varicose veins may result.
9. Primary varicose veins.
9.1. Primary varicose veins are widespread, affecting 10-20% of people in Western
countries. In Eastern countries, the prevalence is lower. In India and Africa
particularly in those countries where the way of life is more traditional, it is very
much lower. The reasons for these wide differences are unclear, but diet is
thought to be one factor and physical stature another. A comparative study
showed that German soldiers were six times more likely to have varicose veins
than their Japanese counterparts. On the other hand, there is a very low
incidence in Zulus who are a very tall race.
9.2. Primary varicose veins may occur at any age from adolescence onwards.
Sophisticated studies (e.g. by duplex scanning) have detected symptomless
venous reflux in cohorts of children as young as 10-12 years of age. 8% of
these children had obvious varicosities by the age of 20. The prevalence of
varicose veins rises to about 50% in the over-50’s, although many cases are
mild and need no treatment. Incidence peaks between the ages of 50 and 60
years, falling in old age.
9.3. There is a definite hereditary factor. Different surveys have elicited a parental
or family incidence of varicose veins in proportions of the cases surveyed
varying from 43% to almost 90%. 80% of patients seeking treatment for
varicose veins report a family history. Several members of a family in
successive generations may not only suffer from varicosity but not infrequently
the same portion of the same vein is found to be involved. The pattern of
heredity is believed to be polygenic rather than one of simple dominance.
Unfortunately, no twin study is available.
9.4. The hereditary weakness causing varicosities was originally believed to be
confined to the valves themselves, and indeed the valves may be irregularly
arranged, deformed, fewer than normal in number, or otherwise deficient.
Evidence to the contrary came from studies which showed that that dilatation
often begins proximal (referring to direction of flow) to valves. It known that
dilatation is eccentric, while valves are concentric. It is now generally accepted
that the abnormality is a more generalised weakness of the walls of the veins.
Varicose veins contain relatively more muscle and elastin, but less collagen
than normal veins. Further support for this view is in the behaviour of vein
grafts and patches in arteries. Sections of normal saphenous vein withstand
arterial pressure, whereas sections of varicose vein dilate or develop
aneurysms.
9.5. Gender is a significant factor. Men are affected less frequently than women
and this difference is independent of the increased incidence associated with
parity. Women with neither parent having varicose veins have a 10% risk of
developing varices, but 80% when both parents are affected.
9.6. Parity increases the risk of developing varicose veins. In a study of over 400
women with varices, 13% were primiparous, 30% secundiparous and 57%
multiparous. It is believed that hormonal changes, particularly increased
oestrogen, is the responsible factor. Uterine pressure on the iliac veins in
advanced pregnancy may contribute. However, although the left common iliac
vein is more vulnerable to compression, varicosities are not more likely to
appear in the left leg than in the right.
9.7. Many observers believe that an important factor in the production of varicosities in those with the hereditary endowment is the increase in venous pressure which results from the human being’s erect posture. In support of this view is the fact that varicose veins are exceedingly rare in the upper limbs, commoner in taller people and not seen in quadrupeds.
9.8. Occupation Evidence on the relation between occupation – particularly the
time spend standing still, and risk of varicose veins is limited. Published studies
are old and outcome conflicting. The suggested association of standing at work
and risk of varicose veins is confined to women and in particular western
Europeans and Americans. No such increase was found in Egyptian female
cotton workers, more of whom stood at work and for longer periods than English
equivalents. It has been suggested that the different risks may relate to
attitudes to corsetry in the different communities.
9.9. The existence of a haemodynamic abnormality as a factor in the causation of
primary varicose veins has been postulated but, so far, not proven.
10. Secondary varicose veins result from damage to the valves of the veins or, less
frequently, obstruction of the venous flow. The commonest causes are:
10.1. Phlebothrombosis (deep vein thrombosis)
10.2. Thrombophlebitis
10.3. Increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as in pregnancy (but see paragraph
9.5 above), ascites, abdominal tumour or aneurysm.
10.4. Arterio-venous aneurysm.
10.5. Obesity is said to predispose to both venous thrombosis and varicose veins and it may be that increased pressure is exercised on the main intra-abdominal
veins, impeding the blood flow from the lower limbs.
11. Physical activity and strain
11.1. Activities such as walking, marching, running, jumping, climbing or physical
strain generally aid the return of the blood to the heart and therefore can never
be the cause of varicose veins. However, these factors, especially when
operating over a prolonged period may aggravate varicose veins which are
already established.
11.2. The wearing of heavy boots, anklets or gaiters does not impede the return of
venous blood to the heart and plays no part in the development or progress of
varicose veins.
11.3. Sedentary occupations carry no risk for the development or progress of
varicose veins.
CONCLUSION
12. Primary varicose veins are the most common type of varicose veins and arise
spontaneously as a result of inherited structural defects in the walls of the veins.
Predisposing factors include age, female gender, parity, and race.
13. The aetiology of secondary varicose veins is that of the underlying condition
causing the varicosities. Both types may be aggravated by certain activities.
REFERENCES
Browse N L, Burnand K G, Irvine A T and Wilson N M. Diseases of the Veins. 2nd Ed.
1999. London. Arnold. p145-169.
Lake M et a. Arteriosclerosis and varicose veins: Occupational activities and other factors.
JAMA 1943;119:696-701
Mekky S et al. Varicose veins in women cotton workers. An epidemiological study in
England and Egypt. BMJ 1969;2:591-595
Russel R C G, Williams N S and Bulstrode C J K (Eds). Bailey and Love’s Short Practice
of Surgery. 23rd Ed. 2000. London. Arnold. p237-240.
June 2002
Tags: Uncategorized by platinum
No Comments »